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"This has been a very severe spell of weather --the Columbia River is frozen up so that I could not go down. 18 inches of snow all over the country--all the emigrants and many of the old cattle perished. Thermometer nearly down to zero. Willamette rising with great rapidity and there is danger of a worse flood than in 1849. The suffering among the emigrants is very great, both from their want of preparation for the winter and the dearth and price of supplies--flour is worth $42 per bbl, the usual price being 10 or 12 $."
Letter of George Gibbs
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